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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than expected. The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. However, there are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan along with art styles and a written language and papermaking. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be revered and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves that were lined with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are widespread throughout the country. Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses. Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies significant factors that may influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier forms of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders, and scientists. The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in churches and universities throughout the country. One instance of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. page , the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. During this period the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments. Korea's new model of development is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring strategies that have created the system before the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.